仮定法②

仮定法の応用

この前仮定法で倒置法についてまとめたけど、語順以外にも注意しないと行けないことがあるのでメモしておきます。

Even if I had had a car, I would have gone to work by bus.
= Had I had a car, I would have still gone to work by bus. 
* stillを忘れないように!!

Unless I were rich, I wouldn't buy a house.
= Were I to be rich, i would buy a house.
→家を買えない。
*Were I not to be rich, I wouldn't buy a house. (→家を買っている。)ではないことに注意!!

いろんな仮定文

今日は仮定文の復習
基本的なことは主略していくのでそこのところよろしく!!
in case 〜, provided 〜とかよくifと同じように使っているけど、実はこれらは現実にあり得ることにしか使えないらしい。つまり0 and 1st conditionでしか使えません。

• Take some suncream with you in case you need it.
• Use your suncream if you sunbathe. 

ifの省略による倒置

仮定文は以下のように語順をかえることができます。なかなかややこしいので注意!!

• If I went to school on time, I would learn more. 

= If I were to go to school on time, I would learn more. 

• If I had known the exam was so difficult, I would had studied more. 

= Had I known the exam was so difficult, I would had studied more. 

= If I were to have known the exam was so difficult, I would had studied more. 

= Were I to have know the exam was so difficult, I would had studied more. 

その他の仮定法

• If+S+should+base verb, S+will/can/might/may+base verb.  
• If+S+happen+to+base verb, S+will/can/might/may+base verb.
• as if + 1st conditional or 2nd conditional. 
• as though + 1st conditional or 2nd conditional. 
• even if + 1st conditional or 2nd conditional. 
• as long as  + 1st conditional or 2nd conditional. 

as if とかas thoughなどの仮定を表す表現では後に来る文は1st or 2nd conditionalでもどちらでもかまわないそうです。もちろん2nd conditionalにすると現実性が低くなるのは忘れずに。

if + will/would

基本的にはifなどの仮定文中ではwill/wouldを使わないのですが、いくつか例外があります。

• I'll see if the doctor is free if you will/would wait there. 

丁寧な言い方 will < would

• If I had known English would become the universal language, I would have studied harder. 

         know that 〜 などのthat節中では普通にwill/wouldを使える。

* ちなみに順番を逆にできるけどコンマ( , )に注意!!

If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

You will pass the exam if you study hard. 

英語文法 relative clause

英語の文法
自分がよく理解できていないところをちょっとメモしていきます。

①　That was the town where I met your mother.
    = That was the town in which I met your mother.
②　That was the town from where wine came. 

二つとも関係詞にwhereを使っているけど、②では前置詞プラス関係副詞になっている。よく高校とかで教わる関係代名詞では前置詞プラス関係代名詞(which)だけどそれとは別に前置詞プラス関係副詞というのも存在しているみたい。

じゃあいつ前置詞プラス関係副詞を使うのかというと、②では動作(movement)を表しているので前置詞プラス関係副詞を使う。②を分解するとわかりやすい。
That was the town. the wine came from the town.
the townが先行詞なので省略される、けれどfromは残るというわけ。

①では動作ではなく静止状態を表すものなので前置詞はいらないけど、場所を表すwhereをつかう。

ちなみに②ではwhereがwhichだと間違いになるので注意。
× That was the town from which the wine came.

Why do we have to apologize?

Why do we have to apologize?

One thing i learned in my life, which I’ve just experienced for 22 years, is that it is better to apologize in any situation. I can imagine exactly how you’ll react, “Why should I say sorry if I did nothing wrong?”　Logically speaking, that may be true. It sounds silly, but by instinct, human beings do not like to acknowledge their own faults. However, I’m going to ask another question. Have you ever lost your friends or partners due to the arguments you have had. I certainly have lots of people who I haven’t seen since our trivial quarrels.  Do you still think the current situation is still beneficial by maintaining that you are right?

Personally, I would like to try to think logically rather than give in to temporary emotion. Since this, I believe that it is very important to control your anger and anxiety. I’ve discovered that apologize is the best solution. 

Let me put it this way. Once we feel guilty, and it doesn’t matter why we feel that way, we often tend o search for what is actually causing problems, and eventually blaming our own behavior for what we think might be  the possible cause, even though it has nothing to do with our original trouble. As a result, we cannot get out of this vicious cycle. Sadly, this is human nature. 

This is my theory. I admit that it is absolutely important to express your feelings or opinions. However, sometimes, it doesn’t help to maintain good relationships in terms of long benefits. So are you ready to say sorry?